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21.
Six hundred and thirty clinically-normal milk samples from dairy goat flocks comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenburg, Saanen and Galla crosses were examined over a 3-month period to determine the prevalence of bacterial organisms. Bacteria were isolated in 28.7% of the milk samples (181/630) either singly (92.8%) or in combination (7.2%). The most prevalent bacterial organisms were Staphylococcus spp. (60.3%), followed by Micrococcus spp. (17.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (5%), Actinomyces spp. (5%) and Streptococcus spp. (1.1%). The Staphylococcus spp. were mainly coagulase negative (64.3%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci accounted for 37.5% and 22.7% respectively of the total bacteria isolated. The isolation of bacteria, some of which are important in clinical and subclinical mastitis, in apparently normal caprine milk, indicates that particular attention should be given to the management of these dairy goat flocks in order to avoid the development of cases of clinical mastitis. 相似文献
22.
Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献
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Njenga MJ Kang'ethe EK Bwangamoi O Munyua SJ Mugera GM Mutiga ER 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》1999,70(4):161-163
Experimental transmission of Besnoitia caprae from naturally chronically-infected goats to susceptible ones was achieved by intra-nasal instillation and intra-conjunctival inoculation of cystozoite-containing suspensions, subcutaneous implantation of fascia containing cysts and alternate needle pricking between the infected and non-infected goats. Typical chronic symptoms developed in the fascia-infected does. Cystozoite inoculation into the eyes and mouth did not result in infection. Kids born of dams with acute and chronic besnoitiosis did not contract the infection in utero, suggesting that intra-uterine transmission may not occur. In contrast to does with acute besnoitiosis, which occasionally aborted, the does with chronic besnoitiosis gave birth to healthy kids. Kids below the age of 4 months (pre-weaned period) born of both infected and non-infected does were susceptible to besnoitiosis but appeared to be more resistant than adult goats. 相似文献
24.
Njenga MJ Munyua SJ Bwangamoi O Kang'ethe EK Mugera GM Mutiga ER Wamukoya JP 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》1999,70(4):151-153
A preliminary survey on the prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in Kenya based on field and farm visits, clinical and post mortem examinations and histopathological examination of tissues and biopsies, showed that goats are the most affected, followed by cattle, while sheep were unaffected. Caprine besnoitiosis occurred in a continuous belt in 5 of the 8 provinces in Kenya stretching from the Coast, Eastern, North Eastern, Nairobi and the Rift Valley Provinces. Mandera, in the North Eastern Province, had the highest prevalence rate of 36%, followed by Kwale (35%), Isiolo (35%), Marsabit (33%), Wajir (28%), Nairobi (26%), Meru (24%), Garissa (21%), Taita Taveta (18%), Embu (17%), Kitui (9%), Machakos (7%), Laikipia (3%), Kajiado (2%) and Turkana and Elgeyo-Marakwet (1% each). In all flocks where the prevalence rates were over 6%, kids were observed to be affected. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the prevalence rates in bucks and does (18% and 18.4, respectively), but kids were less (4%) affected. Bovine besnoitiosis was found only in the Tana River District, with an infection rate of 11%. 相似文献
25.
Munyua SJ Karioki DI Chibeu DM Wabacha JK Thaiya AG Njenga JM Gathuma JM Mitaru B 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2000,71(1):47-52
This study was undertaken to determine some blood and other physiological parameters with potential for use as prognostic indicators of viability of newborn goat kids. Of the 143 kids born during the on-farm study, 97 were crosses of Galla x Small East African (SEA) and 46 were pure SEA. The SEA x Galla kids were 46 single males, with a mean body weight at birth of 2.77 +/- 0.22 kg, 43 females with a mean body weight at birth of 2.36 +/- 0.76 kg and 5 and 3 sets of female and male twins (mean body weight at birth of 1.8 +/- 0.19 kg and 2.05 +/- 0.07 kg for the female and male kids, respectively). The SEA kids comprised 36 single male and female kids (mean body weight at birth of 2.48 +/- 0.04 kg and 10 sets of twins (both male and female) (mean body weight at birth of 1.50 +/- 0.04 kg ). Pre-suckling sera obtained on-station from kids born of does vaccinated against Escherichia coli (n = 8) and unvaccinated does (n = 7) had a total protein content of <40.0 g/l and no detectable levels of IgG and A or E. coli antibodies. Sera obtained 12 hours post partum) from kids that survived in both groups contained about 19-22 g of Ig g/l, 50-80 g total protein/l, blood glucose of >5 mmol/l and had an E. coli antibody titre of between 1/160 and 1/640. On the other hand, kids that died within 48 hours of birth (parturient deaths) and had been classified in categories 3 and 4 righting reaction had low (<40 g/l) total protein, low white blood cell count (4,000/ml) and low blood glucose concentration (<4.9 mmol/l). It is concluded that kids with delayed righting reaction (>45 minutes), low rectal temperature (<36 degrees C), low birth weights (<1.5 kg for singles and <1.0 kg for twins), low white blood cells (<4,000/ml), low (<2 mmol/l) blood glucose levels, low total protein (<40.0 g/l), low (<1:160) E. coli antibody titre and IgG (< or =3,350 mg/l) in sera obtained 12 hours after birth have a poor prognosis for survival. 相似文献
26.
The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
California mastitis test (CMT), direct leukocytes counts and bacteriological examination were performed on 630 milk samples from apparently healthy mammary glands of dairy goats comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen and Galla crosses to find the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 9.8% according to CMT, 9.7% according to direct leukocyte counts and 28.7% by bacterial isolation during a 3-month period. The proportion of the bacteriologically positive milk samples was significantly (P <0.01) higher than that positive for CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was no significant direct relationship between bacterial isolation and CMT Bacterial organisms were isolated in 22.5% of the 568 CMT-negative milk samples. The results suggest that bacterial organisms isolated from the CMT-negative milksamples were either latent infections or did not stimulate any significant increase in somatic cell counts that could be detected by either the CMT or direct leukocyte counts. The observations of this study indicate that the mere presence of bacteria in goat's milk does not mean that the udder is infected and so does not warrant antibiotic therapy. 相似文献
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28.
P. W. N. Kanyari E. W. Allonby A. J. Wilson W. K. Munyua 《Tropical animal health and production》1983,15(3):153-160
Summary A study into the economic effects of trypanosomiasis was carried out using three goat breeds at the south coast of Kenya. The economic losses were worked out by comparing the performance of the goat groups receiving Samorin on a monthly basis with that of goat groups not receiving any Samorin. The losses were based on quantities of weight lost through deaths and that not produced as a result of the disease. The groups of goats were exposed to natural trypanosomal challenge.The losses in KSh per Tropical Livestock Unit within six months of the study were 198.07 for the East African goats, 501.95 for the Galla × East African goats and 785.42 for the Toggenburg × East African goats. The cost benefit ratio by using Samorin at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg body weight was 1:7.3, 1:18.52 and 1:28.94 for the three goat breeds respectively.
Algunos Efectos Economicos De La Tripanosomiasis En Cabras
Resumen Se realizó un estudio económico de los efectos de la tripanosomiasis, en tres razas de cabras, en la Costa Sur de Kénia. Las pérdidas económicas se calcularon, mediante la comparación entre la productividad de grupos de cabras las cuales recibieron Samorin mensualmente, y grupos que no recibieron la droga. Para evaluar las pérdidas, se tomó en cuenta el peso perdido por muertes debidas a tripanosomiasis, y las reducciones de peso no producidas por la enfermedad. Todos los grupos fueron expuestos a la infección natural.Las pérdidas en (Ksh) por Unidad de Ganado Tropical, dentro de los seis meses del estudio fueron: 198.07 para las cabras Africanas Orientales, 501.95 para el cruce Galla × Africanas Orientales, y 785.42 para las Toggenburg × Africanas Orientales. El rango costo beneficio utilizando Samorin en dosis de 0.5 mg/kg de peso fué: 1:7.3; 1:18.52 y 1:28.94 para las tres razas respectivamente.
Quelques Effets Economiques De La Trypanosomose Chez Les Chevres
Résumé Une étude sur les conséquences économiques de la Trypanosomose a été effectuée sur trois races de chèvres de la Côte sud du Kenya. Les pertes économiques ont été établies en comparant la performance des groupes de chèvres ayant reçu du Samorin chaque mois avec celle des groupes non traiés. Elles étaient basées sur les quantités de poids perdues avec la mort des animaux et de celles dues à la maladie. Les groupes de chèvres étaient exposés à l'infection trypanosomienne naturelle.Les pertes en shilling kenyan par UBT au bout de six mois étaient de 198,07 pour les chèvres de l'est-africain, 501,95 pour les Galla × Est africaines et 785,42 pour les Toggenburg × Est africaines. Le rapport coût-bénéfice en utilisant le Samorin à la dose de 0,5 mg/kg de poids vif était respectivement de 1:7,3; 1:18,52 et 1:28,94 pour les trois races.相似文献
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Esther Kamau Juliette Ongus George Gitau Tura Galgalo Sara A. Lowther Austine Bitek Peninah Munyua 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(1):169-173
Dromedary camels are implicated as reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) with the respiratory route thought to be the main mode of transmission. Knowledge and practices regarding MERS among herders, traders and slaughterhouse workers were assessed at Athi‐River slaughterhouse, Kenya. Questionnaires were administered, and a check list was used to collect information on hygiene practices among slaughterhouse workers. Of 22 persons, all washed hands after handling camels, 82% wore gumboots, and 65% wore overalls/dustcoats. None of the workers wore gloves or facemasks during slaughter processes. Fourteen percent reported drinking raw camel milk; 90% were aware of zoonotic diseases with most reporting common ways of transmission as: eating improperly cooked meat (90%), drinking raw milk (68%) and slaughter processes (50%). Sixteen (73%) were unaware of MERS‐CoV. Use of personal protective clothing to prevent direct contact with discharges and aerosols was lacking. Although few people working with camels were interviewed, those met at this centralized slaughterhouse lacked knowledge about MERS‐CoV but were aware of zoonotic diseases and their transmission. These findings highlight need to disseminate information about MERS‐CoV and enhance hygiene and biosafety practices among camel slaughterhouse workers to reduce opportunities for potential virus transmission. 相似文献
30.
An investigation was carried out to assess the effects of weather on the occurrence and magnitude of the periparturient rise
(PPR) in trichostrongylid nematode egg output in breeding Dorper ewes. The study was conducted over three breeding seasons
on a ranch in the semi-arid area of Kajiado District in Kenya between June 1999 and December 2001. During each breeding season
20 ewes randomly selected from the breeding stock and 20 others selected from the unmated yearlings were monitored for faecal
strongyle egg counts every 3 weeks. The lambing seasons were timed to coincide with the onset of the short rains (October–November
1999), the mid-short rains (November–December 2000) and the end of the dry season (September–October 2001). In each season
higher egg outputs were recorded in the peri-parturient ewes compared to the unmated yearlings. The highest PPR occurred in
September 2001, when lambing coincided with the end of the dry season, possibly as a result of maturation of hypobiotic larvae.
The lowest PPR occurred in November 2000 when the onset of lambing coincided with the mid-short rains, possibly owing to low
pasture infectivity associated with a long dry spell between January and October of the same year. The results of this study
indicate that PPR occurred when lambing coincided with both the wet and the dry seasons. However, the magnitude was greatly
influenced by the season when lambing occurred. It was also influenced by resumption of development of hypobiotic larvae and
the nutritional status of the ewes. Not only should control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in this area aim at preventing
the occurrence of PPR by treating ewes 2–3 weeks before they are to lamb and during lactation, but the anthelmintic used must
also eliminate hypobiotic larvae. In addition, the animals must be given supplementary feeding during this period. 相似文献